ABSTRACT
Introduction:Anthropometric studies have shown significant variations in the cranium and orbits between races and genders due to various factors such as genetics, race, hormones, nutritional differences, and environmental influences. The present study aims to record cranial and orbital dimensions and indices to classify skulls based on these measurements. MaterialsandMethods: Thirty‑five human adult skulls were obtained from the dissecting laboratory and museum of Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Safedabad. The orbital height, width, interorbital distance, maximum length, and width of the cranium were measured directly using a digital Vernier caliper. The skulls were then classified based on the orbital and cranial indices calculated. Results: The study found a mean orbital index of 83.42, classifying the skulls as mesoseme, and a cranial index of 73.15, classifying them as dolichocephalic. Conclusion: Basic data and records of morphometry of bones belonging to specific regions can help identify the ethnicity and race of a person. Understanding the correlation of dimensions of the orbital cavity and cranium is crucial in certain conditions, such as interpreting fossils, classification of skulls in forensic medicine, and discovering trends in evolution and racial differences. These findings may also aid in identifying unclaimed bodies in India, which are found in significant numbers yearly
ABSTRACT
Background: Our study aims to evaluate the variations in umbilical cord attachment to placenta by dissection method. Methods: Placentas for this study were obtained from the OBG Department and collected by the Department of Anatomy SRMS IMS. The placentas were washed, cleared, dissected and site of placental attachment to umbilical cord were observed. Variations in the type of insertion were noted. Result: Majority of the placentas showed central and eccentric attachments of the cord. Few abnormal placentas were observed with velamentous and marginal insertions of the umbilical cord. Conclusion: Abnormalities in the placental attachment of the umbilical cord can result in various complications of pregnancy and adversely affect the fetal outcome as well. Knowledge of the variations in attachment of the umbilical cord is very significant and of extensive use to obstetricians as well as anatomists. Frequently abnormal cord insertions may be associated with intrauterine growth retardation, preterm labour and congenital abnormalities.
ABSTRACT
Background: Our study aims to study the variations in lobar pattern and fissures of both right and left human lungs. Methods: 41 formalin fixed cadaveric lungs were obtained from the Department of Anatomy, SRMS IMS. The lungs were studied to observe the variations of fissures and lobes. Abnormal or accessory lobes were also noted. Results: 18 right lung and 23 left lung specimens were obtained and studied. Among the right lungs studied one showed an incomplete oblique fissure, six showed incomplete horizontal fissures. The horizontal fissure was absent in three right lungs. In the left lung only one lung showed the presence of an incomplete oblique fissure. Conclusion: The lung is a vital organ for life. Hence, considering the clinical importance of such anomalies, we as anatomists suggest that awareness and knowledge of the variations in the lobes and fissures of the lungs may be important for surgeons planning lobectomies and surgical resections involving individual segments and for radiologists to accurately interpret radiological images. This knowledge has further become more significant with the increasing incidence of lung carcinomas.